Wiem, ze jest przyklejony temat, ale chce ciagnac dyskusje z tematu "zmeczona pigulkami"
przytocze tu pare abstraktow z PubMedu na temat IUD i jej bezpieczenstwa i dzialania u nullipar (nierodek)
Przy czym zaznaczam, ze PubMed jest jedyna i najbardziej zaufana strona dla medykow - i paramedykow. Publikowane badania sa legalne i prawdziwe.
1. Compelling reasons for recommending IUDs to any woman of reproductive age.
Arias RD.
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Women's and Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA.
The intrauterine device (IUD) is a highly effective method of contraception that, as opposed to other countries around the world, is underutilized in the United States by women of all ages. Lingering concerns about the safety of IUDs are in large part responsible for their lack of adoption, but a systematic review published recently nullified some of the major safety concerns about IUD use. The author summarized the methodologically sound evidence regarding the risk of upper-genital-tract infection and infertility associated with IUD use and reported that a slightly increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) exists only in the first month following IUD insertion; that the risk of PID in women with symptomless sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) having an IUD inserted is similar to the risk in women not having an IUD inserted; and that there appears to be no negative effect on fertility following IUD removal. In addition, Mirena provides noncontraceptive benefits, such as treatment for menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and anemia, and ParaGard may help protect against endometrial cancer. An IUD is also a safer alternative to sterilization for perimenopausal women seeking a long-term and also reversible method of contraception. While both IUDs are suitable for many women of all ages, there are differences in their mechanisms of action, physical characteristics, and clinical effects that make each more or less appropriate for certain women.
2.The intrauterine device: rethinking old paradigms.
Morgan KW.
University of Utah College of Nursing, 10 South 2000 East, Salt lake City, UT 84112, USA. Katie.morgan@nurs.utah.edu <Katie.morgan@nurs.utah.edu>
The United States continues to have one of the highest rates of unintended pregnancy and elective abortion in developed countries. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) available today offer women safe and highly effective contraception along with noncontraceptive benefits, yet IUDs remain underutilized in part because of outdated and biased information about the risks associated with this method of fertility control. New research demonstrates that IUD use does not increase the risk of pelvic infections or subsequent infertility. IUD use decreases the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancies. In light of this data, the IUD should be made available to women at low-risk for sexually-transmitted infections and should not be denied to women on the basis of parity or marital status.
3. Intrauterine device practice guidelines: patient types.
Sulak PJ.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott and White Clinic, Temple, Texas 76508, USA.
PIP: Currently available IUDs--the Copper T 380A and the progesterone-releasing device--may offer a viable contraceptive choice to millions of US women who have not yet found a satisfactory method. Although most IUD users in the US are 35 years of age and above, the method is appropriate for many young adults and even teenagers, provided they are in stable, monogamous relationships. Recent studies have determined that nulliparity is not a risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease; however, both expulsion and increased menstrual bleeding and pain are more common among nulliparous women. Copper-bearing IUDs can be inserted in women who are only 4 weeks postpartum without an increased risk of perforation, expulsion, or excessive bleeding. Other candidates for IUD use include women who have undergone abortion, lactating women, perimenopausal women, those with a prior history of ectopic pregnancy, and women who cannot use oral contraception. Finally, IUDs are appropriate for women who are considering sterilization but are not yet ready to take this irreversible step. In all cases, screening for sexually transmitted disease risk factors is essential in user selection.
4.[Intrauterine copper contraceptive implants]
Van Kets H
Service de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrie, Hopital Universitaire de Gand, Belgique.
GyneFix, conceived in 1985, was developed to minimize three major problems frequently associated with discontinuation of IUD use: expulsion, bleeding and pain. Since the initial clinical investigations, over 10,000 women years of experience and up to 8 years of follow-up in international, multicenter, non-comparative and comparative clinical trials, including a large proportion of nulligravid/nulliparous women, have been collected. The following conclusions were reached: 1. The unique design characteristics of GyneFix (frameless, flexible and fixed to the fundus of the uterus) have resulted in optimal tolerance and almost complete absence of expulsion. The result is enhanced effectiveness (comparable to OCs and male/female sterilization) and a high rate of continued use. GyneFix reduces the IUD-failure rate to a minimum and is, therefore, a welcome reversible alternative to OCs and female surgical contraception. 2. Frameless and flexibility explain the absence of side-effects and adverse events caused by dimensional incompatibility between the frame of conventional IUDs and the uterine cavity and may also explain the absence of PID and ectopic pregnancies in any of the clinical studies. 3. Insertion of GyneFix, with or without local anaesthesia, is easily accomplished in the office of a few minutes. Removal is easy, quick and painless. 4. GyneFix is an equally effective and well accepted method fro nulliparous women.
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tyle lat sie uczylam angielskiego a co drugie slowko jest mi obce 
:smt088
